7 solutions to prevent global warming: sulfur spray


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National Geographic News
March 25, 2010

"Climate change should be countered by climate change" geo-engineering is proposed. The effects of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere Tame込Ma, The idea is to reduce human operations. One of those ideas, "an artificial volcano," there. Sulfur is sprayed into the upper atmosphere of the volcanic ash component, "global shade" as it used. Image as above, then they bounce back into space the sun's heat and light particles of sulfur.

America , being held in Pacific Grove, California, "International Conference Ashiroma technical interventions climate (Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies)" at the first meeting is being considered in detail emergency variety, beginning with volcanoes artificial that. The conference will draw up plans to set guidelines for any of the world's first geo-engineering the ethical standards of conduct, most of the "idea" not out of range.

Y America, Washington, DC public policy research in Amelia Rikanentapuraizu Institute (AEI) project co-director Samuel Sansutoromu Earth Engineering (Samuel Thernstrom), said, "Climate change is a challenge, is unlikely to be resolved overnight," he said.

But "to control global warming" he said. "Climate change, including intentional professionals should seriously consider all options. From the beginning instead of ignoring it absurd, it is necessary to listen to geo-engineering discussion," he said claimed.
7 solutions to prevent global warming: Carbon Bio


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National Geographic News
March 25, 2010

Burnt charcoal fragments Kogeta (USA, West Virginia taken in 2008.) This was used by natives of the Amazon, "Bio-coal", but experts could be a warming is found valid.

Charcoal and bio is porous soil conditioner made from nutrient-rich agricultural waste such as burning of crops scum. International Bio Coal Initiative (IBI) according to the report, and fill with soil that can contain hundreds of thousands of years, since the carbon in the ground. However, because the greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by harvesting and dead trees that remain, there is a limit to the power of carbon fixation.

Amelia Public Policy Research Rikanentapuraizu Institute (AEI) Sensutomu Mr. Samuel, the bio-coal is worthy of research attention. The United States in Washington DC in the environmental NGO, Climate Research (Climate Institute) by Michael McCracken agrees that the solution to kill two birds with one stone and evaluated to help improve the soil.
7 solutions to prevent global warming: create a cloud ship


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National Geographic News
March 25, 2010

Floating in the sea but dressed like leaping toys side by side, which is expected to attract as a solution to global warming "cloud ship" it. The geo-engineering initiatives, "momentum" has the potential to turn.

This wind-powered vessel, the fine mist spray and sea salt to the water uptake. Then how come that the sea of clouds. Its density is higher than for the color white clouds in the sky, push back into space by reflecting more solar energy.

American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) in charge of Mr. Samuel Sansutoromu geo-engineering projects in this talk. "If we expand about 1,500 vessels, cooling will be effective immediately. In geo-engineering approach is feasible in a relatively inexpensive cost. At the stage of considering the actual effect is not serious investigation I deserve. "
Gamma exposure risk to aircraft?

Ker Than
for National Geographic News
March 8, 2010

Airplane in a thunderstorm approaches, the high-level radiation harmful "rays Earth (TGF)" and the results were announced at risk for exposure to.


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Energy gamma rays with the best in the different waves, and phenomena in space such as violent supernova explosion, the source and object with a mass of neutron stars, such as extraordinary.

Ten years ago has been confirmed to be discharging storm originated on Earth, is thought to occur simultaneously with lightning. Gamma rays that cause thunderstorms usually occur about 15 km altitude is about equal to the altitude of the aircraft.

Gamma radiation dose of the earth, once exposed chest X revealed in this study is comparable to that line about 400 times. For those who frequently use the aircraft is very dangerous level. In theory, the ionization effect of human gamma alter DNA structure, cancer (cancer) risk is to induce.

"The gamma-ray Earth but are largely unknown. For example, uncertain even about the possibility of approaching the source of gamma rays in the range thunderstorms passenger is not," the co-author of the study by space scientists Florida Institute of Technology Mr. Joseph Dwyer said. "I think the possibility of exposure is actually quite low. Are willing to put their children on a plane."

Stanford University in California, Brandt Carlson TGF experts for the study is not participating to a third party point of view as follows. "Actually, the risk is higher than driving a car. Compared to many other factors that are expected during the flight, the risk is very low. The most dangerous airport until you reach the first place."

The planet was discovered gamma-1990s was that chance, too. Astronomy satellite gamma ray sources with the aim of space research, which began unexpectedly detected radiation from the earth.

Cosmic gamma ray bursts lasting a few seconds but, flashes of gamma rays between about 1 millisecond Earth 2 (1000 / 1 1000 / 2 sec) last only. The preceding Mr. Dwyer explained as follows. "From the length of time know as soon as the rays from the earth rather than space. If it was, gamma-ray bursts are the lights of the universe. Someone Turn it off again from the image a bit after. On the other hand, Earth-ray is like a strobe emits very bright light momentarily. "

Risk of exposure to gamma rays that the Earth is what a plane's how. At present one does not know the exact position of the source and scope within the thunderstorm can not say definite.

"If you have a wide range of sources, the amount of gamma radiation have been spread so much. But if a small amount will increase the amount of radiation exposure and focus," he explains Dwyer.

Also, if the upward emitted gamma rays from the earth near the top of the thundercloud, the damage to the plane's passing under the cloud should appear.

However, as was confirmed by the threat of further studies go global gamma rays, means little to prevent a passenger from exposure. "Ray has high penetrating power, it is necessary to cut off the lead aircraft in heavy cover, making it possible weight problems is impossible," Mr. Dwyer said.

On the other hand, gamma rays are considered the Earth produced by the most violent area of thunderstorms, it is intended to avoid the former airline pilot. "The risk of thunderstorms knew before. Just one more reason to avoid," said Dwyer added.
Detection of water from the Apollo moon rocks

John Roach
for National Geographic News
March 10, 2010

In October 2009, NASA has been hitting the moon rocket, spacecraft and analyzed by the wavelength of the light pattern of the moon. All of these studies was to confirm the existence of water on the moon's rocky. However, there is irrefutable evidence that the moon had water dead ahead of us already. Was announced on 2 March 2010 that the rock contains traces of water in the month the famous Apollo astronauts returned to Earth.


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Amount of water was detected in volcanic glass from moon rocks brought back only a few thousand at most Apollo ppm, the analysis made from the late 1960s and early 1970s to the conclusion of a month without water They might have led.

Gary Lofgren said in a control sample of the month at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, "The controversy over the accuracy of analysis instruments in enough water so it traces the past 10 years," he said. He is not participating in this study are worthy of further research to deepen "solid research" to evaluate it.

The first pointed out the possibility that the presence of water sample taken from the moon, in 2008 "Nature" article was published in the magazine. This paper has been detected in the water molecules from lunar volcanic glasses brought back by Apollo. However, it was poorly managed by the sample and the earth could not dispel the suspicion of contamination on water molecules.

One way to determine where the water came from the collection, there is a way of measuring the amount of the various isotopes of hydrogen contained in water. However, the land of Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut According to global environmental scientist James Greenwood, "Nature" magazine at the time of this approach has not been developed yet.

Isotopic measurements are obviously similar fingerprinting. For example, the Earth 's mantle is water derived from different isotopic water came from comets.

"Nature" when the magazine published the study, Greenwood said Mars was the first to be developed advanced techniques to analyze the chemical structure of the meteorite. He later applied this technique to the mineral apatite samples collected from different types of moon rocks, the water molecules it contains "fingerprints" that identify.

As a result, the water in the moon rock "land And the ball is different, "having been proved. He said the results, the 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference held in Houston, Texas (Lunar and Planetary Science Conference) announced on March 2, 2010.

The research team made the announcement following a meeting of Mr. Greenwood is the month for "sea" taken in one, announced the discovery of water from the rock containing apatite. Of the Moon "sea" is a dark area that was considered by lava flowing into the ancient volcanic eruption.

By means such as a beam from the electron microprobe mineral particles, the team is able to calculate the amount of chlorine and fluorine gases contained in the sample month.

Apatite chemical formula is applied to the amount of fluorine and chlorine gas was detected, turned out to be another one more component to complete the crystal structure of minerals. The researchers concluded that the hydroxide molecules. Hydroxide is a common component of apatite, a byproduct that can be resolved when the water is.

Washington, DC Makkabin said Francis, who participated in the study at Carnegie Institute of Geology, this discovery is one of the first case was found in minerals of magmatic water from the moon, the moon a small amount of magma it will be one more evidence that the water contained in the general.

However, even followed the discovery of water, he would only find a much smaller volume than expected said. "Even though the moon has far more water than previously thought, Location Ball and Mars by orders of magnitude less compared to just be consistent in the analysis of samples of the moon 40 years. "

In the future, research will be carried out for a month or water came from? The most common theory is fire Ground objects the size of a star Is the time to look after the ball and hit the moon was born.

According to Greenwood Wesleyan University, was in the process of solidification of liquid still in the month after birth, it could be considered an impact of icy comets.

Makkabin Mr. Carnegie Institute as another possibility, Location And did not mention the theory of fat and water loss when the moon was formed by debris thrown the ball in space. In other words, primitive land of water a month That may come from a sphere.

Detected traces of water from the rock this month, he said Makkabin amounts that can be detected with the obvious assumption that the evaporation of water on the moon noted that the burning of birth. "Even the moon was burning some of the world, water from the moon to disappear completely is impossible."